Top 10 hospital-acquired disease
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| Hospital-acquired disease |
Norovirus disease
- Norovirus is commonly referred to as "flu" by many patients, most of whom believe that the resulting gastroenteritis symptoms are somehow associated with influenza themselves. Norovirus infection usually results in diarrhea, vomiting and prolonged upset feeling in the stomach. Although these symptoms are highly unpleasant and may last for several days.
Patient advised:
Healthcare professionals cannot treat them with
antibiotics. Therefore, patients are advised to try to eat at regular
intervals, and they are advised to remain hydrated so that after a few days of
symptoms the body does not suffer from the effects of dehydration.
Mycobacterium abscess
- One of the most serious sources of hospital-acquired infection is Mycobacterium abscess. This bacterium is generally thought to cause serious diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis and can be found in any number of compounds. Bacteria are known to be present in soil, dust, or water, and are also known to infect drugs and medical devices. This represents a very serious concern in today's busiest medical environment.
Patient advised:
Mycobacterium abscess infection is challenging to treat
because multidrug resistance requires long-term intravenous (IV) therapy and
side effects are considered common.
Treatment strategies for M.abscess infection; The longest antimicrobial drugs consist of therapy. Side effects were common, and therapy often needed to be changed or discontinued. Amikacin, the most commonly used IV agent, was associated with several side effects; Amikacin therapy was stopped or adjusted for 51% of patients.
Klebsiella
- Another very serious source of hospital-acquired infections is a bacterium known as Klebsiella. This gram-negative bacterium almost always infects patients after arrival at the hospital, as it appears at home on medical devices, especially in inpatient treatment areas. Infection with this bacterium can cause many serious diseases, including infection of the bloodstream, infection of any open wound or surgical sites, or a very severe form of pneumonia.
Patient advised:
Klebsiella organisms are resistant to many antibiotics.
This is thought to be a plasmid-mediated property. The duration of hospital
stay and the performance of invasive procedures are risk factors for the
acquisition of these strains.
Treatment depends on the organ system involved. In
general, the early treatment of patients with K. Pneumonia infection is treated
with antibiotics.
If you have a drug-resistant infection, your doctor
will order laboratory tests to determine which antibiotic will work best.
Always follow your doctor's instructions. If you stop
taking the antibiotic too soon, the infection may return.
Influenza
- Without a doubt, influenza is one of the most common and frequent types of viral infections. The disease comes and goes with varying degrees each year, but most medical professionals estimate that 5 to 20 percent of the US population is infected each year. Influenza is also responsible for the annual hospitalization of 200,000 Americans. Typically, people suffering from the disease are at the extremely young or old end of the spectrum, although it is not completely unheard of for healthy, young adult victims to experience complications.
Patient advised:
In some cases, the symptoms of influenza A may be
evident on their own with adequate rest and fluid intake. In other cases, your
doctor may prescribe antiviral medication to fight infection.
Common antiviral prescriptions include:
- Zanamivir (Relenza)
- Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
- Peramivir (Rapivab)
These drugs, known as neuraminidase inhibitors, reduce
the influenza virus's ability to spread from cell to cell, slowing the
infection process.
Although effective, these drugs can cause side effects
such as nausea and vomiting. If you start experiencing any of these symptoms or
if your condition worsens, stop using a prescription and see your doctor
immediately.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an infection caused by a common form of bacteria widely known simply as Pseudomonas. Infection is quite common in medical settings, although it targets a specific group of people. In almost every case, about of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is found in patients who are already experiencing a significantly weakened or suppressed immune system as a result of a major medical condition while living in a medical environment or long-term care facility.
Patient advised:
Pseudomonas infection is treated with antibiotics.
Unfortunately, many Pseudomonas infections are difficult to treat. These
bacteria have developed the ability to adapt and pass antibiotics in their
environments. This is called antibiotic resistance.
The increase in antibiotic resistance has made the
treatment of infection more challenging. Pseudomonas infection often develops
resistance to many types of antibiotics. It can also sometimes develop
resistance during treatment.
It is important that your doctor selects an effective
antibiotic. A doctor may send a sample from a patient to a laboratory for the
first test to be more definite. The lab will test the sample to determine which
antibiotic will work best.
Treatment may include one or more of the following
types of antibiotics:
- ceftazidime
- Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) or Levofloxacin
- Gentamicin
- Cefepime
- aztreonam
- Carbapenems
- ticarcillin
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Abbreviated as MRSA, this staph bacteria has evolved over time to become immune to many of the most popular antibacterial drugs. In fact, MRSA often cannot be treated with penicillin or amoxicillin, with most patients requiring higher doses of more nontraditional antibiotics to defeat the condition. It often manifests itself as a skin infection in most patients and should be treated by a medical professional if any signs or symptoms are seen by the patient.
Patient advised:
If MRSA is diagnosed, treatment will vary based on the
following factors:
- Infection type
- Transition location
- Severity of symptoms
- Antibiotics to which MRSA stress responds
Management of MRSA infection may include:
- Bleeding pus
- Corrugated material culture and sensitivity test
- Wound care and hygiene
- Antimicrobial therapy (in cases of possible cellulitis without abscess)
Medication options for MRSA skin and soft tissue
infections may include:
- clindamycin
- Tetracycline drugs - doxycycline and minocycline
- Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
- Rifampin
- Linezolid
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci
- VRE is named because it is resistant to bacterial infection antibiotic vancomycin. Infections of this nature are most common in medical settings, especially when a patient is hospitalized for long-term care and nursing. Most sufferers experience symptoms affecting the intestines, which can result in stomach upset, vomiting or sometimes diarrhea.
Patient advised:
The best way to prevent infection is to stop
transmission. This means that hospitals and care facilities should pay careful
attention to infection-control guidelines to reduce the spread of VRE from
patient to patient. Individuals can reduce their risk by washing hands before
using the bathroom and after touching the mouth or nose. The use of intravenous
catheters minimizes the risk of VRE sepsis, at least in the central lines.
Similarly, urinary catheters should be used sparingly and the catheter should
be removed immediately when not needed. Finally, antibiotics should only be
used for appropriate indication. Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses
and the common cold. There is no vaccine available against VRE
Tuberculosis (TB)
- Most often, tuberculosis is transmitted on a patient-to-patient basis in medical and nursing environments. Typically, this is because a patient suffering from the disease is not isolated from the rest of the hospital population. In other cases, this is because the patient was not aware that he was suffering from TB at the time of his admission to the facility.
Patient advised:
Most cases of TB can be cured when the right medicine
is available and administered correctly. The exact type and length of
antibiotic treatment depend on a person's age, overall health, potential
resistance to drugs, whether TB is latent or active, and the location of the
infection (ie, lungs, brain, kidneys).
People with latent TB may require only one type of TB
antibiotics, while those with active TB (especially MDR-TB) will often require
multiple prescription medications.
Antibiotics usually need to be taken for a relatively
long time. The standard time for a course of TB antibiotics is about 6 months.
Vancomycin-intermediate or vancomycin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
- Known in the medical community as either VSA or VRSA, these two diseases are actually quite common in patients who have medical devices attached to their bodies on a long-term or permanent basis. People with kidney problems are particularly susceptible to infection, as they are patients who usually use a catheter tube before, during, or after some kind of serious surgery.
Patient advised:
Several antibiotics with anti-MRSA activity, including
linezolid, tigecycline, and daptomycin, have been approved by the FDA.
Additionally, there are several compounds in development that would provide a
comprehensive OD for physicians in the management of infections, possibly due
to MRSA. s. The emergence of vancomycin-intermediate and vancomycin-resistant strains
of aureus has also led to the need for agents for expanded coverage. The in
vitro activity of new and investigational agents against VISA and VRSA has
recently been reviewed elsewhere [45]. In summary, linezolid, daptomycin,
tigecycline, and quinupristin/dalfopristin, as well as the newly investigative
compounds dalbavancin, telavancin, oritavancin, ceftobiprole, and iclaprim,
have demonstrated in vitro activity against VISA and VRSA.
Staphylococcus aureus
- The disease commonly found in hospitals may be the least invasive and least concerning, with Staphylococcus aureus actually present in only one-third of the entire population. This condition is associated with negative effects on the skin, as it is usually a skin infection. The side effects of the disease most often manifest in small, pimple-like growths that swell and flow during infection.
Patient advised:
Some skin infections do not require treatment.
Other skin infections may require incision and drainage
of the infected site and / or antibiotic treatment.
If your doctor or health care provider prescribes
antibiotics, it is important that you take all the prescribed doses.
If your infection does not heal after treatment,
contact your health care provider.
Prevent of hospital-acquired disease
The hospital-acquired disease is spread through
person-to-person contact, often the best way to prevent infection is to wash
your hands.
Good hand hygiene will ensure that germs do not spread.
You must wash your hands:
- Before touching your eyes, nose or mouth
- Before and after cooking or eating
- Before and after wound dressing
- After using the bathroom
- After coughing or sneezing
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